Grapes are one of the most widely cultivated fruit plants in Australia, with varieties suited to climates from tropical Queensland to cool-climate Tasmania. Many table and wine varieties are tracked across Australian nurseries. Grapes require a dormant winter period and at least 150 frost-free days to ripen a quality crop. The most productive home garden climates are the Adelaide Plains, Swan Valley, Hunter Valley, Rutherglen, and cooler elevated regions. Grapes need full sun and warm summers to develop sweetness. Plant in deep, well-drained, slightly acidic to neutral soil. Heavy clay soils cause root disease; improve drainage before planting. Grapes are vigorous climbers requiring a sturdy trellis or pergola. Prune hard each winter, removing 80-90% of the previous year's growth. Table varieties are typically cane-pruned; wine varieties are often spur-pruned. Water during establishment and during berry swell, but reduce irrigation as harvest approaches to concentrate sugar. Powdery mildew is the most common fungal disease across all regions; apply sulfur sprays preventatively from budburst. In WA, grapevines are subject to strict biosecurity rules due to phylloxera. All vines imported to WA must come from certified phylloxera-free sources. Many table grapes grown in WA are sold without varietal labelling.